Title: ✏️ Chapter 1 (Functional Organization of the Human Body)

Front: List the 11 organ systems
Back: Digestive is also called gastrointestinal system
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Front: What 2 organ systems are responsible for homeostasis and how (briefly)
Back: 1. Nervous system (Electrical impuls)
2. Endocrine system (Hormonal secretion)
receptors in the nervous systems detect change in environment which acts as a stimulus leading to electrical impluses being sent to organs in the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis by negative feedback mechanism

Front: The hypothalamus is considered the "link" b/w which two systems ?
Back: The nervous system and the enddocrine system since it has osmo and gluco receptors to detect stimuli and links to the endocrine system through controlling/stimulating the pituitary gland

Front: What is the composition of a male body and a female body
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Front: Function of : (Osmo, Thermo, Mechano, Gluco, Chemo, Baro) receptors and their location
Back: Osmo = water compostion (hypothalamus) Thermo = temperature (skin)
Mechano = Physical pressure (skin) Gluco = glucose compostion (Hypothalamus and ielts of langerhan)
Chemo = pH
Baro= Blood pressure

Front: What composition of fluid exactly is regarded as the "internal environment)
Back: (ECF) ExtraCellular Fluid > interstitial fluid primarily

Front: Why is female solid body mass compostion 45% while male is 40%
Back: Since females have more fat which is hydrophobic so they have a greater compostion of solid body mass

Front: Out of the 100 trillion cells what's the most abundant type and how many of it is there
Back: 25 trillion R.B.C
75 trillion (All remaning cells)

Front: Different type of cells have 3 functions in common
Back: - Respiration using oxygen to release energy from (Carbs,Fats,Proteins)
- Reproduce addition cells of their own type
- Release by products of their chemical reactions into their surrounding

Front: Why is ECF called the "internal environment"
Back: - Since ECF contains all the nutrients, ions, and oxygen cells need and it's their immediate environment it's also called the "Internal Environment"

Front: How is tissue fluid formed and is it releated to ECF
Back: - Plasma (20%) and tissue fluid (intersetial fluid 80%) is the compostion of ECF
- ECF is constantly moving and circulating with blood and diffusing out of the cappilary fenestations to form tissue fluid in which cells exist.

Front: Content of ECF and ICF
Back: ECF is basically all what plasma contains except large protiens :
1. Sodium and Chloride ions (think neurons but outside)
1. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) (think dissociation curve)
1. Oxygen glucose amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol (think respiration requirments)
1. Carbon dioxide and Urea (Think waste products)
ICF contains:
1. Pottasium magnesium and phosphate ions
1. As well as respiration requirments (same as ECF)

Front: Consentration in which hydrogen ions and sodium ions are maintained within in the blood
Back: 1. Hydrogen ions are maintained at 5 nanomoles per liter
1. While Sodium ions are maintained at a few milimoles per liter (2-3)

Front: Define "Disease" ~think homeostasis
Back: A state of disrupted homeostasis

Front: [Read and understand only] How and at what cost is homeostasis maintained in the presence of a "Disease"
Back: Even in the presence of a disease homeostatic mechanisms continue to operate though multiple compensations, In sever cases these compensations may even lead to the deviation of the body's function from the normal range making it difficult to differentiate between the main cause of the disease and the compensatory response

Front: How many times does blood in the circulation transverse the entier circulatory circuit per minute when at rest and when at maximum activity
Back: 1. At rest once per minute
1. At maximum activity 6 times per minute

Front: What molecules (of the blood) can't pass through capillary fenestations
Back: 1. R.B.C
1. W.B.C
1. Platlets
1. Large Plamsa Protiens

Front: How does diffusion occure
Back: Diffusion occurs as a result of kinetic movement (and randome motion)

Front: Most cells are within ____ micrometers from a cappilary ensuring diffusion of substances b/w cappilary and cells within a few seconds
Back: Most cells are within 50 micrometers from a cappilary ensuring diffusion of substances b/w cappilary and cells within a few seconds

Front: Why is plasma and interstial fluid constantly being mixed and what does that result in ?
Back: 1. They are constantly being mixed due to the diffusion occuring through the cappilary fenestations as a result of kintetic motion
1. resulting in the homogenity of extra cellular fluid (ECF) throught the body
1. summary: (Mix due to diffusion through fenestatins and lead to homogenity of ECF)

Front: How thick is the alveoular membrane and what's the point
Back: 0.2 to 0.4 micrometers thick and oxygen diffuses rapidly from the alveoli into the blood

Front: [Just read]
Back: In the gastrointestinal tract nutrients are absorbed from the ingested food into the ECF of the blood

Front: What are the main metabloism by products and what's the most abundant
Back: Water and CO2 where CO2 is the most abundant metabolism product

Front: Name substances filtered by the kindey primarly then which are reasborbed and which pass to the collecting duct and end up as "urine"
Back: Primary filatration (Glomelular filtration):
- Urea
- Glucose
- Excess water
- Excess ions
Reabsobred:
- Glucose
- Water
- Ions
Not reabsobred:
- Urea
- Some ions
- some water

Front: Two types of wastes and where they come from and what they are called?
Back: Two types of wastes
1. Feces are the waste prodcuts of the digestive system (eg: Fibers and cellulose) and they are Egested through the anus
1. Sweat and Urine are the waste products of metabolic activites (eg: Urea and excessive salts) and they are Excreted through the urethra
1. Digestive waste is (Egested) while Metabolic waste is (Excreted)

Front: [Just read]
Back: The liver secrets many of the wastes broken down from toxic drugs in the blood into the bile to me egested in feces

Front: What is the "autonomic system"
Back: It's a part of the nervous system that operates at a subconsious level and controls many of the involuntary actions (Heart pumping, Persitalis of gastrointestinal tract, secretion ... ect)

Front: Name the function of the following homrones (Thyroid, Insuline, Adrenocortical, Parathyroid)
Back: 1. Thyroid = Control the metabolism rate of the body (BMR)
1. Insline = control the anabolism of glucose
1. Adrenocortical = It is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands and controls sodium and potassium ion concentration and protein metabolism
1. Paraythorid = Controls the calcium and phosphate concentrations of the bone

Front: Relation between nervous and endocrine system and what does each regulate mainly
Back: - They complement each other
1. The nervous system controls muscular and secretory activites
1. The endocrine system controls the bodys metabolic functions

Front: How many major endocrine glands does the body have
Back: 8 major endocrine glands

Front: 3 Functions of the integumentary system
Back: 1. Provide a boundry between the external and the internal body environments
1. temperature regulation
1. excretion of wastes such as excessive salt through sweating
1. provide a sensory interface b/w the body and the external environment

Front: Role of reproduction system in homeostasis
Back: Generate new beings to take place of those who are dieing

Front: Conc. of what in the ECF does each of the following organs control (Respiratory system, Liver and pancerace, Kidneys)
Back: 1. Respiratory system = CO2 conc. in ECF
1. Liver and pancerace = Conc. of glucose in ECF
1. Kidneys = Conc. Of urea and (H+ K+ PO4[-3] Na+) ions in ECF [BASICALLY SALTS]

Front: What is the first system to develop in a human
Back: Cardiovascular system

Front: Name systems consisting of 1.(Vessels) 2.(Vessels+Heart) 3.(Vessels+Heart+Blood)
Back: 1. Vascular system
1. Cardiovascular system
1. Circulatory system

Front: What is the general function of all 11 human systems and what is it called
Back: Keep the internal environment almost constant (Homeostatic Function)

Front: Homeostasis maintains the bodys controlled variables within a set normal range not at a fixed value what is this called?
Back: Homeostasis is dynamic not static

Front: What is the BGL normal range
Back: 70-110 mg/dL of blood

Front: Difference between signs and symptoms
Back: 1. Signs are objective you can clearly see them such as B.P or Heart rate or fever or swelling or discoloration
1. Symptoms are Subjective You can't see them it's only the patient that can feel them and inform you of them such as Pain or Headaches

Front: Why do females have less percentage of fluids? (55%)
Back: They have more fat which is hydrophobic so they have 45% solid mass

Front: Each monitored variable is called ?
Back: A controlled condition

Front: What sets the range of values to be maintained ?
Back: The control system (Brain + Spinal cord)

Front: Negatice Feed back mechanism does _____ to stimuli while Postive feedback mechanism does _____ to stimuli
Back: 1. N.F mechanism Reverses the stimuli
1. P.F mechanism Strengthens or Reinforces The stimuli

Front: Effect of vasoconstriction and vasodilation on BP
Back: 1. Vasoconstriction increases BP (Since more resistance)
1. Vasodilation decreases BP (Since less resistance)

Front: Gain = ? ~Hint: In terms of "net"
Back: Gain = (net - final)/(net - intial)